Epilim/Epilim Chrono

Epilim: Sodium valproate. Epilim Chrono: Sodium valproate, valproic acid.

Epilim: Tab: Epilim 200 Enteric Coated Tablets contain 200 mg of Sodium Valproate.
Syr: Each 5 ml of syrup contains Sodium Valproate 200 mg.
Inj: Each vial contains 400 mg of Sodium Valproate freeze-dried powder.
Epilim Chrono: Each tablet contains 333 mg Sodium Valproate and 145 mg Valproic Acid equivalent to 500 mg sodium valproate.
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: Epilim IV: Powder: None.
Solvent: None.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Anti-epileptics. ATC Code: N03AG01.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Sodium valproate is an anti-convulsant.
The most likely mode of action for Epilim is potentiation of the inhibitory action of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) through an action on the further synthesis or further metabolism of GABA.
In certain in-vitro studies it was reported that Epilim could stimulate HIV replication but studies on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected subjects show that Epilim does not have a mitogen-like effect on inducing HIV replication. Indeed the effect of Epilim on HIV replication ex-vivo is highly variable, modest in quantity, appears to be unrelated to the dose and has not been documented in man.
Pharmacokinetics: The reported effective therapeutic range for plasma valproic acid levels is 40 - 100 mg/L (278 - 694 μmol/L). This reported range may depend on time of sampling and presence of co-medication.
Distribution: The percentage of free (unbound) drug is usually between 6-15% of the total plasma levels. An increased incidence of adverse effects may occur with plasma levels above the effective therapeutic range.
The pharmacological (or therapeutic) effects of Epilim may not be clearly correlated with the total or free (unbound) plasma valproic acid levels.
Placental transfer (see Use in Pregnancy & Lactation): Valproate crosses the placental barrier in animal species and in humans: In animal species, valproate crosses the placenta to a similar extent as in humans; In humans, several publications assessed the concentration of valproate in the umbilical cord of neonates at delivery. Valproate serum concentration in the umbilical cord, representing that in the fetuses, was similar to or slightly higher than that in the mothers.
Metabolism: The major pathway of valproate biotransformation is glucuronidation (~40%), mainly via UGT1A6, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7.
Elimination: The half-life of Epilim is usually reported to be within the range 8-20 hours.
Epilim EC, Syr and Chrono tab: It is usually shorter in children.
Special populations: Renal insufficiency: In patients with severe renal insufficiency, it may be necessary to alter dosage in accordance with free plasma valproic acid levels.
Paediatric population: Epilim IV: Above the age of 10 years, children and adolescents have valproate clearances similar to those reported in adults. In paediatric patients below the age of 10 years, the systemic clearance of valproate varies with age. In neonates and infants up to 2 months of age, valproate clearance is decreased when compared to adults and is lowest directly after birth. In a review of the scientific literature, valproate half-life in infants under two months showed considerable variability ranging from 1-67 hours. In children aged 2-10 years, valproate clearance is 50% higher than in adults.
Interaction with oestrogen-containing products: Inter-individual variability has been noted. There are insufficient data to establish a robust PK-PD relationship resulting from this PK interaction.
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: Valproate was neither mutagenic in bacteria, nor in the mouse lymphoma assay in vitro and did not induce DNA repair in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. In vivo, however, contradictory results were obtained at teratogenic doses depending on the route of administration. After oral administration, the predominant route of administration in humans, valproate did not induce chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow or dominant lethal effects in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of valproate increased DNA strand-breaks and chromosomal damage in rodents. In addition, increased sister-chromatid exchanges in epileptic patients exposed to valproate as compared to untreated healthy subjects have been reported in published studies. However, conflicting results were obtained when comparing data in epileptic patients treated with valproate with those in untreated epileptic patients. The clinical relevance of these DNA/chromosome findings is unknown.
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional carcinogenicity studies.
Reproductive and developmental toxicity: Valproate induced teratogenic effects (malformations of multiple organ systems) in mice, rats and rabbits.
Animal studies show that in utero exposure to valproate results in morphological and functional alterations of the auditory system in rats and mice.
Behavioural abnormalities have been reported in first generation offspring of mice and rats after in utero exposure. Some behavioural changes have also been observed in the second generation and those were less pronounced in the third generation of mice following acute in utero exposure of the first generation to teratogenic valproate doses. The underlying mechanisms and the clinical relevance of these findings are unknown.

Treatment of generalized or partial epilepsy, particularly with the following patterns of seizures: Absence, myoclonic, tonic-clonic, atonic and mixed.
For partial epilepsy: Simple or complex seizures, secondary generalized seizures and specific syndromes (West, Lennox-Gastaut).
Treatment and prevention of mania associated with bipolar disorder.
Inj: is indicated in the treatment of patients who would normally be maintained on oral sodium valproate and for whom oral therapy is temporarily not possible.

Daily dosage requirements vary according to age and body weight.
In patients where adequate control has been achieved, Epilim Chrono formulations are interchangeable with other conventional or prolonged-release formulations on an equivalent daily dosage basis.
Dosage: Usual requirements are as follows: Epilim EC tab, Syr and Chrono: Adults: Dosage should start at 600 mg daily, increasing by 200 mg at 3-day intervals until control is achieved. This is generally within the dosage range of 1000-2000 mg/day ie, 20-30 mg/kg body weight. Where adequate control is not achieved within this range, the dose may be further increased to 2500 mg/day.
Children over 20 kg: Where adequate control is not achieved within this range, the dose may be increased to 35 mg/kg body weight/day.
Epilim EC Tab & Syr: Initial dosage should be 400 mg/day (irrespective of weight) with spaced increases until control is achieved; this is usually within the range of 20-30 mg/kg body weight/day.
Epilim Chrono: Initial dosage should be 500 mg/day (irrespective of weight) with spaced increases until control is achieved; this is usually within the range of 20-30 mg/kg body weight/day.
Children under 20 kg: 20 mg/kg of body weight/day; in severe cases, this may be increased but only in patients in whom plasma valproic acid levels can be monitored. Above 40 mg/kg/day, clinical chemistry and haematological parameters should be monitored.
Epilim EC tab and Chrono: An alternate formulation of Epilim should be used in this group of patients, due to the tablet size and need for dose titration. Epilim syrup is an alternative.
Use in the elderly: Although the pharmacokinetics of Epilim is modified in the elderly, they have limited clinical significance and dosage should be determined by seizure control.
The volume of distribution is increased in the elderly and because of decreased binding to serum albumin, the proportion for free drug is increased. This will affect the clinical interpretation of plasma valproic acid levels.
In patients with renal insufficiency: It may be necessary to decrease dosage. Dosage should be adjusted according to clinical monitoring since monitoring of plasma concentration may be misleading (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
In patients with hepatic insufficiency: Salicylates should not be used concomitantly with Epilim since they employ the same metabolic pathway (see Precautions and Adverse Reactions).
Liver dysfunction, including hepatic failure resulting in fatalities, has occurred in patients whose treatment included valproic acid (see Contraindications and Precautions).
Salicylates should not be used in children under 16 years (see aspirin/salicylate product information on Reye's syndrome). In addition in conjunction with Epilim, concomitant use in children under 3 years can increase the risk of liver toxicity (see Warnings).
Female children and women of childbearing potential: Valproate must be initiated and supervised by a specialist experienced in the management of epilepsy. Valproate should not be used in female children and women of childbearing potential unless other treatments are ineffective or not tolerated (see Precautions and Use in Pregnancy & Lactation). The benefit and risk should be carefully reconsidered at regular treatment reviews. Valproate should preferably be prescribed as monotherapy and at the lowest effective dose, if possible as a prolonged release formulation. The daily dose should be divided into at least two single doses.
Combined Therapy: When starting Epilim in patients already on other anticonvulsants, these should be tapered slowly: initiation of Epilim therapy should then be gradual, with target dose being reached after about 2 weeks. In certain cases, it may be necessary to raise the dose by 5-10 mg/kg/day when used in combination with anticonvulsants which induce the liver enzyme activity eg, phenytoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine. Once known enzyme inducers have been withdrawn, it may be possible to control seizure on a reduced dose of Epilim. When barbiturates are being administered concomitantly and particularly if sedation is observed (particularly in children), the dosage of barbiturates should be reduced.
Note: In children requiring doses higher than 40 mg/kg/day, clinical chemistry and haematological parameters should be monitored.
Optimum dosage is mainly determined by seizure control and routine measurement of plasma levels is unnecessary. However, a method for measurement of plasma levels is available and may be helpful where there is poor control or side effects are suspected (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Epilim EC tab, Syr and Chrono: In treatment and prevention of mania associated with bipolar disorders: Adults: The recommended initial dose is 1000 mg/day. The dose should be increased as rapidly as possible to achieve the lowest therapeutic dose, which produces the desired clinical effects.
The recommended maintenance dosage for treatment of bipolar disorder is 1000-2000 mg daily. In exceptional cases, the dose may be increased to not more than 3000 mg daily. Doses should be adjusted according to individual clinical response.
Prophylactic treatment should be established individually with the lowest effective dose.
Epilim IV: Dosage: To reconstitute, inject the solvent provided (4 ml) into the vial, allow to dissolve and extract the appropriate dose. Due to displacement of solvent by sodium valproate the concentration of reconstituted sodium valproate is 95 mg/ml.
Each vial of Epilim Intravenous is for single dose injection only. It should be reconstituted immediately prior to use and infusion solutions containing it used within 24 hours. Any unused portion should be discarded (see Instructions for Use/ Handling under Cautions for Usage).
Epilim Intravenous should not be administered via the same IV line as other IV additives. The intravenous solution is suitable for infusion by PVC, polyethylene or glass containers.
Patients already satisfactorily treated with Epilim may be continued at their current dosage using continuous or repeated infusion. Other patients may be given a slow intravenous injection over 3-5 minutes, usually 400-800 mg depending on body weight (up to 10 mg/kg) followed by continuous or repeated infusion up to a maximum of 2500 mg/day.
Epilim Intravenous should be replaced by oral Epilim therapy as soon as practicable.
Use with children: Daily requirement for children is usually in the range 20-30 mg/kg/day and method of administration is as follows. Where adequate control is not achieved within this range the dose may be increased up to 40 mg/kg/day but only in patients in whom plasma valproic acid levels can be monitored. Above 40 mg/kg/day clinical chemistry and haematological parameters should be monitored.
Female children and women of childbearing potential: Valproate is prescribed and dispensed according to the Valproate Pregnancy Prevention Programme (see Contraindications, Warnings and Precautions).
Method of Administration: Epilim EC Tab, Syr and Chrono: Epilim 200 Enteric Coated Tablets, Syrup and Epilim Chrono Controlled Release Tablets are for oral administration.
Epilim EC and Chrono tab: Epilim tablets may be given once or twice daily. Tablets should be swallowed whole and not crushed or chewed.
Epilim Syr: Epilim Syrup may be given twice daily. If it is necessary to dilute Epilim Syrup, the recommended diluent is Syrup BP, but syrup containing SO₂ as a preservative should not be used. The diluted product will have a 14-day shelf life.
Epilim Chrono: Epilim Chrono is a prolonged release formulation of Epilim which reduces peak concentration and ensures more even plasma concentrations throughout the day.
Epilim IV: Epilim Intravenous may be given by direct slow intravenous injection or by infusion using a separate intravenous line in normal saline, dextrose 5%, or dextrose saline.

Symptoms: Cases of accidental and deliberate Epilim overdosage have been reported. At plasma concentrations of up to 5-6 times the maximum therapeutic levels, there are unlikely to be any symptoms other than nausea, vomiting and dizziness.
Signs of acute massive overdose i.e. plasma concentration 10-20 times maximum therapeutic levels, usually include CNS depression or coma with muscular hypotonia, hyporeflexia, miosis, impaired respiratory function or metabolic acidosis, hypotension and circulatory collapse/shock. A favourable outcome is usual, however, some deaths have occurred following massive overdose.
Symptoms may however be variable and seizures have been reported in the presence of very high plasma levels (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Cases of intracranial hypertension related to cerebral oedema have been reported.
The presence of sodium content in the Epilim formulations may lead to hypernatraemia when taken in overdose.
Management Hospital management of overdose should be symptomatic, including cardiorespiratory monitoring.
Gastric lavage may be useful up to 10-12 hrs following ingestion.
Haemodialysis and haemoperfusion have been used successfully.
Naloxone has been successfully used in a few isolated cases, sometimes in association with activated charcoal given orally.
In case of massive overdose, haemodialysis and haemoperfusion have been used successfully.

Epilim is contraindicated in the following situations: In pregnancy unless there is no suitable alternative treatment (see Warnings, Precautions and Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).
In women of childbearing potential unless the conditions of Pregnancy Prevention Programme are fulfilled (see Warnings, Precautions and Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).
Active liver disease, or personal or family history of severe hepatic dysfunction, especially drug-related.
Patients with known urea cycle disorders (see Precautions).
Hypersensitivity to sodium valproate or any other excipients.
Porphyria.
Patients known to have mitochondrial disorders caused by mutations in the nuclear gene encoding the mitochondrial enzyme polymerase γ (POLG), e.g. Alpers-Huttenlocher Syndrome, and in children under two years of age who are suspected of having a POLG-related disorder (see Special warnings under Precautions).

Pancreatitis: Pancreatitis, which may be severe and result in fatalities, has been very rarely reported. Patients experiencing nausea, vomiting or acute abdominal pain should have a prompt medical evaluation (including measurement of serum amylase). Young children are at particular risk; this risk decreases with increasing age. Severe seizures and severe neurological impairment with combination of anticonvulsant therapy may be risk factors. Hepatic failure with pancreatitis increases the risk of fatal outcome. In case of pancreatitis, Epilim should be discontinued.
Female children, Women of childbearing potential, Pregnancy: Pregnancy Prevention Programme: Valproate has a high teratogenic potential and children exposed in utero to valproate have a high risk for congenital malformations and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Epilim is contraindicated in the following situations: In pregnancy unless there is no suitable alternative treatment for epilepsy indication; In pregnancy for bipolar disorder indication; In women of childbearing potential unless conditions as follows are fulfilled.
Conditions of Pregnancy Prevention Programme: The prescriber must ensure that: Individual circumstances should be evaluated in each case. Involving the patient in the discussion to guarantee her engagement, discuss therapeutic options and ensure her understanding of the risks and the measures needed to minimise the risks.
The potential for pregnancy is assessed for all female patients.
The patient has understood and acknowledged the risks of congenital malformations and neurodevelopmental disorders including the magnitude of these risks for children exposed to valproate in utero.
The patient understands the need to undergo pregnancy testing prior to initiation of treatment and during treatment, as needed.
The patient is counselled regarding contraception, and that the patient is capable of complying with the need to use effective contraception (for further details refer to contraception as follows), without interruption during the entire duration of treatment with valproate.
The patient understands the need for regular (at least annual) review of treatment by a specialist experienced in the management of epilepsy.
The patient understands the need to consult her physician as soon as she is planning pregnancy to ensure timely discussion and switching to alternative treatment options prior to conception and before contraception is discontinued.
The patient understands the need to urgently consult her physician in case of pregnancy.
The patient has received the Patient Guide.
The patient has acknowledged that she has understood the hazards and necessary precautions associated with valproate use (Annual Risk Acknowledgement Form).
These conditions also concern women who are not currently sexually active unless the prescriber considers that there are compelling reasons to indicate that there is no risk of pregnancy.
Female children: The prescriber must ensure that: The parents/caregivers of female children understand the need to contact the specialist once the female child using valproate experiences menarche.
The parents/caregivers of female children who have experienced menarche are provided with comprehensive information about the risks of congenital malformations and neurodevelopmental disorders including the magnitude of these risks for children exposed to valproate in utero.
In patients who have experienced menarche, the prescribing specialist must annually reassess the need for valproate therapy and consider alternative treatment options. If valproate is the only suitable treatment, the need for using effective contraception and all other conditions of the pregnancy prevention programme should be discussed. Every effort should be made by the specialist to switch female children to alternative treatment before they reach adulthood.
Pregnancy test: Pregnancy must be excluded before the start of treatment with valproate. Treatment with valproate must not be initiated in women of childbearing potential without a negative pregnancy test (plasma pregnancy test) result, confirmed by a healthcare provider, to rule out unintended use in pregnancy.
Contraception: Women of childbearing potential who are prescribed valproate must use effective contraception without interruption during the entire duration of treatment with valproate. These patients must be provided with comprehensive information on pregnancy prevention and should be referred for contraceptive advice if they are not using effective contraception. At least one effective method of contraception (preferably a user independent form such as an intra-uterine device or implant) or two complementary forms of contraception including a barrier method should be used. Individual circumstances should be evaluated in each case when choosing the contraception method, involving the patient in the discussion to guarantee her engagement and compliance with the chosen measures. Even if she has amenorrhea she must follow all the advice on effective contraception.
Oestrogen-containing products: Concomitant use with oestrogen-containing products, including oestrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives, may potentially result in decreased valproate efficacy. Prescribers should monitor clinical response (seizure control) when initiating or discontinuing oestrogen-containing products.
On the opposite, valproate does not reduce efficacy of hormonal contraceptives.
Annual treatment reviews by a specialist: The specialist should review at least annually whether valproate is the most suitable treatment for the patient. The specialist should discuss the Annual Risk Acknowledgement Form at initiation and during each annual review and ensure that the patient has understood its content.
Pregnancy planning: If a woman is planning to become pregnant, a specialist experienced in the management of epilepsy must reassess valproate therapy and consider alternative treatment options. Every effort should be made to switch to appropriate alternative treatment prior to conception and before contraception is discontinued. If switching is not possible, the woman should receive further counselling regarding the risks of valproate for the unborn child to support her informed decision-making regarding family planning.
In case of pregnancy: If a woman using valproate becomes pregnant, she must be immediately referred to a specialist to re-evaluate treatment with valproate and consider alternative treatment options. Patients with valproate-exposed pregnancy and their partners should be referred to a specialist experienced in prenatal medicine for evaluation and counselling regarding the exposed pregnancy.
Pharmacists must ensure that: The Patient Card is provided with every valproate dispensation and that patients understand its content.
Patients are advised not to stop valproate medication and to immediately contact a specialist in case of planned or suspected pregnancy.
Educational materials: In order to assist healthcare professionals and patients in avoiding exposure to valproate during pregnancy, the Marketing Authorisation Holder has provided educational materials to reinforce the warnings, provide guidance regarding the use of valproate in women of childbearing potential and provide details of the Pregnancy Prevention Programme. A Patient Guide and Patient Card should be provided to all women of childbearing potential using valproate.
An Annual Risk Acknowledgement Form needs to be used at the time of treatment initiation and during each annual review of valproate treatment by the specialist.
Valproate therapy should only be continued after a reassessment of the benefits and risks of the treatment with valproate for the patient by a specialist experienced in the management of epilepsy.

Although there is no specific evidence of sudden recurrence of underlying symptoms following withdrawal of valproate, discontinuation should normally only be done under the supervision of a specialist in a gradual manner. This is due to the possibility of sudden alterations in plasma concentrations giving rise to a recurrence of symptoms. NICE has advised that generic switching of valproate preparations is not normally recommended due to the clinical implications of possible variations in plasma concentrations.
Special warnings: Liver dysfunction: Conditions of occurrence: Severe liver damage, including hepatic failure sometimes resulting in fatalities, has been very rarely reported. Experience in epilepsy has indicated that patients most at risk, especially in cases of multiple anticonvulsant therapy, are infants and in particular young children under the age of 3 years and those with severe seizure disorders, organic brain disease, and (or) congenital metabolic or degenerative disease associated with mental retardation.
After the age of 3, the incidence of occurrence is significantly reduced and progressively decreases with age.
The concomitant use of salicylates should be avoided in children under 3 years due to the risk of liver toxicity. Additionally, salicylates should not be used in children under 16 years (see aspirin/salicylate product information on Reye's syndrome).
Monotherapy is recommended in children under the age of 3 years when prescribing Epilim, but the potential benefit of Epilim should be weighed against the risk of liver damage or pancreatitis in such patients prior to initiation of therapy.
In most cases, such liver damage occurred during the first 6 months of therapy, the period of maximum risk being 2-12 weeks.
Suggestive signs: Clinical symptoms are essential for early diagnosis. In particular the following conditions, which may precede jaundice, should be taken into consideration, especially in patients at risk (see 'Conditions of occurrence' as previously mentioned): Non-specific symptoms, usually of sudden onset, such as asthenia, malaise, anorexia, lethargy, oedema and drowsiness, which are sometimes associated with repeated vomiting and abdominal pain; In patients with epilepsy, recurrence of seizures.
These are an indication for immediate withdrawal of the drug.
Patients (or their family for children) should be instructed to report immediately any such signs to a physician should they occur. Investigations including clinical examination and biological assessment of liver function should be undertaken immediately.
Detection: Liver function should be measured before therapy and then periodically monitored during the first 6 months of therapy, especially in those who seem most at risk, and those with a prior history of liver disease.
Amongst usual investigations, tests which reflect protein synthesis, particularly prothrombin rate, are most relevant.
Confirmation of an abnormally low prothrombin rate, particularly in association with other biological abnormalities (significant decrease in fibrinogen and coagulation factors; increased bilirubin level and raised transaminases) requires cessation of Epilim therapy.
As a matter of precaution and in case they are taken concomitantly salicylates should also be discontinued since they employ the same metabolic pathway.
As with most anti-epileptic drugs, increased liver enzymes are common, particularly at the beginning of therapy; they are also transient.
More extensive biological investigations (including prothrombin rate) are recommended in these patients; a reduction in dosage may be considered when appropriate and tests should be repeated as necessary.
Aggravated convulsions: As with other anti-epileptic drugs, some patients may experience, instead of an improvement, a reversible worsening of convulsion frequency and severity (including status epilepticus), or the onset of new types of convulsions with valproate. In case of aggravated convulsions, the patients should be advised to consult their physician immediately.
Suicidal ideation and behaviour: Suicidal ideation and behaviour have been reported in patients treated with anti-epileptic agents in several indications. A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials of anti-epileptic drugs has also shown a small increased risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour. The mechanism of this risk is not known and the available data does not exclude the possibility of an increased risk for sodium valproate.
Therefore patients should be monitored for signs of suicidal ideation and behaviours and appropriate treatment should be considered. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be advised to seek medical advice should signs of suicidal ideation or behaviour emerge.
Carbapenem agents: The concomitant use of valproate and carbapenem agents is not recommended.
Patients with known or suspected mitochondrial disease: Valproate may trigger or worsen clinical signs of underlying mitochondrial diseases caused by mutations of mitochondrial DNA as well as the nuclear-encoded POLG gene. In particular, valproate-induced acute liver failure and liver-related deaths have been reported at a higher rate in patients with hereditary neurometabolic syndromes caused by mutations in the gene for the mitochondrial enzyme polymerase γ (POLG), e.g. Alpers-Huttenlocher Syndrome.
POLG-related disorders should be suspected in patients with a family history or suggestive symptoms of a POLG-related disorder, including but not limited to unexplained encephalopathy, refractory epilepsy (focal, myoclonic), status epilepticus at presentation, developmental delays, psychomotor regression, axonal sensorimotor neuropathy, myopathy cerebellar ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, or complicated migraine with occipital aura. POLG mutation testing should be performed in accordance with current clinical practice for the diagnostic evaluation of such disorders (see Contraindications).
Epilim IV: Excipient with known effect: Sodium: This medicinal product contains 55.35 mg sodium per vial, equivalent to 2.77% of the WHO recommended maximum daily intake of 2 g sodium for an adult.
Precautions: Haematological: Blood tests (blood cell count, including platelet count, bleeding time and coagulation tests) are recommended prior to initiation of therapy or before surgery, and in case of spontaneous bruising or bleeding (see Adverse Reactions).
Renal insufficiency: In patients with renal insufficiency, it may be necessary to decrease dosage. As monitoring of plasma concentrations may be misleading, dosage should be adjusted according to clinical monitoring (see Dosage & Administration and Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Although immune disorders have only rarely been noted during the use of valproate, the potential benefit of valproate should be weighed against its potential risk in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (see Adverse Reactions).
Urea cycle disorders/Hyperammonaemia: When a urea cycle enzymatic deficiency is suspected, metabolic investigations should be performed prior to treatment because of the risk of hyperammonaemia with Epilim.
Weight gain: Epilim very commonly causes weight gain, which may be marked and progressive. Patients should be warned of the risk of weight gain at the initiation of therapy and appropriate strategies should be adopted to minimise it (see Adverse Reactions).
Diabetic patients: Epilim is eliminated mainly through the kidneys, partly in the form of ketone bodies; this may give false positives in the urine testing of possible diabetics.
Epilim Syr: In addition, care should be taken when treating diabetic patients with Epilim Syrup since it contains 3.6 g sucrose per 5 ml.
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) type II deficiency: Patients with an underlying carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) type II deficiency should be warned of the greater risk of rhabdomyolysis when taking Epilim.
Alcohol: Alcohol intake is not recommended during treatment with valproate.
Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines: Use of Epilim may provide seizure control such that the patient may be eligible to hold a driving licence.
Patients should be warned of the risk of transient drowsiness, especially in cases of anticonvulsant polytherapy or association with benzodiazepines (see Interactions).
Epilim IV: Not applicable - use of intravenous formulation restricted to patients unable to take oral therapy.

Teratogenicity and developmental effects: Pregnancy Exposure Risk related to valproate: Both valproate monotherapy and valproate polytherapy including other anti-epileptics are frequently associated with abnormal pregnancy outcomes. Available data suggest that anti-epileptic polytherapy including valproate may be associated with a greater risk of congenital malformations than valproate monotherapy and polytherapy compared to the population not exposed to valproate.
Valproate was shown to cross the placental barrier both in animal species and in humans (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
In animals: teratogenic effects have been demonstrated in mice, rats and rabbits (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions).
Congenital malformations: Data derived from a meta-analysis (including registries and cohort studies) has shown that 10.73% of children of epileptic women exposed to valproate monotherapy during pregnancy suffer from congenital malformations (95% CI: 8.16 -13.29). This is a greater risk of major malformations than for the general population, for whom the risk is about 2-3%. The risk is dose-dependent but a threshold dose below which no risk exists cannot be established.
Available data show an increased incidence of minor and major malformations. The most common types of malformations include neural tube defects, facial dysmorphism, cleft lip and palate, craniostenosis, cardiac, renal and urogenital defects, limb defects (including bilateral aplasia of the radius), and multiple anomalies involving various body systems.
In utero exposure to valproate may also result in hearing impairment or deafness due to ear and/or nose malformations (secondary effect) and/or direct toxicity on the hearing function. Cases describe both unilateral and bilateral deafness or hearing impairment. Outcomes were not reported for all cases. When outcomes were reported, the majority of the cases did not recover.
Epilim IV: A meta-analysis (including registries and cohort studies) showed that approximately 11% of children of women with epilepsy exposed to valproate monotherapy during pregnancy had major congenital malformations.
The risk of major congenital malformations in children after in utero exposure to anti-epileptic drug polytherapy including valproate is higher than that of anti-epileptic drug polytherapy not including valproate.
In utero exposure to valproate may result in eye malformations (including colobomas, microphthalmos) that have been reported in conjunction with other congenital malformations. These eye malformations may affect vision.
Developmental disorders: Data have shown that exposure to valproate in utero can have adverse effects on mental and physical development of the exposed children. The risk seems to be dose-dependent but a threshold dose below which no risk exists, cannot be established based on available data. The exact gestational period of risk for these effects is uncertain and the possibility of a risk throughout the entire pregnancy cannot be excluded.
Studies in preschool children exposed in utero to valproate show that up to 30-40% experience delays in their early development such as talking and walking later, lower intellectual abilities, poor language skills (speaking and understanding) and memory problems.
Intelligence quotient (IQ) measured in school aged children (age 6) with a history of valproate exposure in utero was on average 7-10 points lower than those children exposed to other anti-epileptics. Although the role of confounding factors cannot be excluded, there is evidence in children exposed to valproate that the risk of intellectual impairment may be independent from maternal IQ.
There are limited data on the long-term outcomes.
Available data from a population-based study show that children exposed to valproate in utero are at increased risk of autistic spectrum disorder (approximately 3-fold) and childhood autism (approximately 5-fold) compared to the unexposed population in the study.
Available data from another population-based study show that children exposed to valproate in utero are at increased risk of developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (approximately 1.5-fold) compared to the unexposed population in the study.
Epilim IV: When valproate is administered in polytherapy with other anti-epileptic drugs during pregnancy, the risks of neuro-developmental disorders in the offspring were also significantly increased as compared with those in children from the general population or born to untreated women with epilepsy.
Female children and women of childbearing potential (see previously mentioned, Warnings and Precautions): Oestrogen-containing products: Oestrogen-containing products, including oestrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives, may increase the clearance of valproate, which would result in decreased serum concentration of valproate and potentially decreased valproate efficacy.
If a woman plans a pregnancy: If a woman is planning to become pregnant, a specialist experienced in the management of epilepsy must reassess valproate therapy and consider alternative treatment options. Every effort should be made to switch to appropriate alternative treatment prior to conception and before contraception is discontinued. If switching is not possible, the woman should receive further counselling regarding the risks of valproate for the unborn child to support her informed decision-making regarding family planning.
Pregnant women: Valproate as treatment for epilepsy is contraindicated in pregnancy unless there is no suitable alternative treatment. If a woman using valproate becomes pregnant, she must be immediately referred to a specialist to consider alternative treatment options.
During pregnancy, maternal tonic-clonic seizures and status epilepticus with hypoxia may carry a particular risk of death for the mother and the unborn child. If in exceptional circumstances, despite the known risks of valproate in pregnancy and after careful consideration of alternative treatment, a pregnant woman must receive valproate for epilepsy.
It is recommended to: Use the lowest effective dose and divide the daily dose of valproate into several small doses to be taken throughout the day; The use of a prolonged release formulation may be preferable to other treatment formulations in order to avoid high peak plasma concentrations.
All patients with valproate-exposed pregnancy and their partners should be referred to a specialist experienced in prenatal medicine for evaluation and counselling regarding the exposed pregnancy. Specialised prenatal monitoring should take place to detect the possible occurrence of neural tube defects or other malformations. Folate supplementation before the pregnancy may decrease the risk of neural tube defects common to all pregnancies. However, the available evidence does not suggest it prevents the birth defects or malformations due to valproate exposure.
Risk in the neonate: Cases of haemorrhagic syndrome have been reported very rarely in neonates whose mothers have taken valproate during pregnancy. This haemorrhagic syndrome is related to thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia and/or a decrease in other coagulation factors. Afibrinogenemia has also been reported and may be fatal. However, this syndrome must be distinguished from the decrease of the vitamin-K factors induced by phenobarbital and enzymatic inducers. Therefore, platelet count, fibrinogen plasma level, coagulation tests and coagulation factors should be investigated in neonates.
Cases of hypoglycaemia have been reported in neonates whose mothers have taken valproate during the third trimester of their pregnancy; Cases of hypothyroidism have been reported in neonates whose mothers have taken valproate during pregnancy; Withdrawal syndrome (such as, in particular, agitation, irritability, hyper-excitability, jitteriness, hyperkinesia, tonicity disorders, tremor, convulsions and feeding disorders) may occur in neonates whose mothers have taken valproate during the last trimester of their pregnancy.
Breastfeeding: Valproate is excreted in human milk with a concentration ranging from 1% to 10% of maternal serum levels. Haematological disorders have been shown in breastfed newborns/infants of treated women (see Adverse Reactions).
A decision must be made whether to discontinue breastfeeding or to discontinue/abstain from Epilim therapy taking into account the benefit of breastfeeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.
Fertility: Amenorrhoea, polycystic ovaries and increased testosterone levels have been reported in women using valproate (see Adverse Reactions). Valproate administration may also impair fertility in men (see Adverse Reactions). Case reports indicate that fertility dysfunctions are reversible after treatment discontinuation.
Epilim IV: Fertility dysfunctions are in some cases reversible at least 3 months after treatment discontinuation. Limited number of case reports suggest that a strong dose reduction may improve fertility function. However, in some cases, the reversibility of male infertility was unknown.

The following CIOMS frequency rating is used, when applicable: Very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to ≤1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to ≤1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to ≤1/1,000); very rare (≤1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Congenital malformations and developmental disorders: (see Warnings and Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).
Hepatobiliary disorders: Common: liver injury (see Special warnings under Precautions).
Severe liver damage including hepatic failure, sometimes resulting in death, has been reported (see Dosage & Administration, Contraindications and Special warnings under Precautions). Increased liver enzymes are common, particularly early in treatment and may be transient.
Gastrointestinal disorders: Very common: nausea, occurs a few minutes after intravenous injection with spontaneous resolution within a few minutes.
Common: vomiting, gingival disorder (mainly gingival hyperplasia), stomatitis, gastralgia, diarrhoea.
The previously mentioned adverse events frequently occur at the start of treatment, but they usually disappear after a few days without discontinuing treatment. These problems can usually be overcome by taking Epilim with or after food or by using enteric-coated Epilim.
Uncommon: pancreatitis, sometimes lethal (see Special warnings under Precautions).
Nervous system disorders: Very common: tremors.
Common: extrapyramidal disorder, stupor*, somnolence, convulsion*, memory impairment, headache, nystagmus.
Uncommon: coma*, encephalopathy, lethargy* (see as follows), reversible parkinsonism, ataxia, paraesthesia, aggravated convulsions.
Rare: reversible dementia associated with reversible cerebral atrophy, cognitive disorder.
Sedation has been reported occasionally, usually when in combination with other anticonvulsants. In monotherapy, it occurred early in treatment on rare occasions and is usually transient.
*Rare cases of lethargy and confusion occasionally progressing to stupor, sometimes with associated hallucinations or convulsions have been reported. Encephalopathy and coma have very rarely been observed. These cases have often been associated with too high a starting dose or too rapid a dose escalation or concomitant use of other anticonvulsants, notably phenobarbital or topiramate. They have usually been reversible on withdrawal of treatment or reduction of dosage.
An increase in alertness may occur; this is generally beneficial but occasionally aggression, hyperactivity and behavioural deterioration have been reported.
Epilim IV: dizziness may occur within a few minutes and it usually resolves spontaneously within a few minutes. 
Psychiatric disorders: Common: confusional state, hallucinations, aggression, agitation, disturbance in attention.
Rare: abnormal behaviour, psychomotor hyperactivity, learning disorder.
Metabolism and nutrition disorders: Common: hyponatraemia, weight increased*.
*Weight increase should be carefully monitored since it is a factor for polycystic ovary syndrome (see Precautions).
Rare: hyperammonaemia* (see Precautions), obesity.
*Cases of isolated and moderate hyperammonaemia without change in liver function tests may occur, are usually transient and should not cause treatment discontinuation. However, they may present clinically as vomiting, ataxia and increasing clouding of consciousness. Should these symptoms occur, Epilim should be discontinued.
Hyperammonaemia associated with neurological symptoms has also been reported (see Precautions). In such cases, further investigations should be considered.
Endocrine disorders: Uncommon: Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of ADH (SIADH), hyperandrogenism (hirsutism, virilism, acne, male pattern alopecia, and/or androgen increase).
Rare: hypothyroidism (see Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).
Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Common: anaemia, thrombocytopenia (see Precautions).
Uncommon: pancytopenia, leucopenia.
The blood picture returned to normal when the drug was discontinued.
Rare: bone marrow failure, including pure red cell aplasia, agranulocytosis, anaemia macrocytic, macrocytosis.
Isolated findings of a reduction in blood fibrinogen and/or an increase in prothrombin time have been reported, usually without associated clinical signs and particularly with high doses (Epilim has an inhibitory effect on the second phase of platelet aggregation). Spontaneous bruising or bleeding is an indication for withdrawal of medication pending investigations (see Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Common: hypersensitivity, transient and/or dose-related alopecia (hair loss), nail and nail bed disorders.
Regrowth normally begins within six months, although the hair may become more curly than previously.
Uncommon: angioedema, rash, hair disorder (such as abnormal hair texture, hair colour changes, abnormal hair growth).
Rare: toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome.
Epilim EC tab: Hirsutism and acne have been very rarely reported.
Reproductive system and breast disorders: Common: dysmenorrhea.
Uncommon: amenorrhea.
Rare: polycystic ovaries, male infertility (see Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).
Very rarely gynaecomastia has occurred.
Vascular disorders: Common: haemorrhage (see Precautions; Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).
Uncommon: vasculitis.
Eye disorders: Rare: diplopia.
Ear and labyrinth disorders: Common: deafness, a cause and effect relationship has not been established.
Renal and urinary disorders: Common: urinary incontinence.
Uncommon: renal failure.
Rare: enuresis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, reversible Fanconi syndrome (a defect in proximal renal tubular function giving rise to glycosuria, amino aciduria, phosphaturia, and uricosuria) associated with valproate therapy, but the mode of action is as yet unclear.
General disorders and administration site conditions: Uncommon: hypothermia, non-severe peripheral oedema.
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: Uncommon: bone mineral density decreased, osteopenia, osteoporosis and fractures in patients on long-term therapy with valproate. The mechanism by which valproate affects bone metabolism has not been identified.
Rare: systemic lupus erythematosus, rhabdomyolysis (see Precautions).
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorder: Uncommon: pleural effusion.
Investigations: Rare: coagulation factors decreased (at least one), abnormal coagulation tests (such as prothrombin time prolonged, activated partial thromboplastin time prolonged, thrombin time prolonged, INR prolonged) (see Special Warnings under Precautions and Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps): Rare: myelodysplastic syndrome.
Paediatric population: The safety profile of valproate in the paediatric population is comparable to adults, but some ADRs are more severe or principally observed in the paediatric population. There is a particular risk of severe liver damage in infants and young children especially under the age of 3 years. Young children are also at particular risk of pancreatitis. These risks decrease with increasing age (see Special warnings under Precautions). Psychiatric disorders such as aggression, agitation, disturbance in attention, abnormal behaviour, psychomotor hyperactivity and learning disorder are principally observed in the paediatric population. Based on a limited number of post-marketing cases, Fanconi Syndrome, enuresis and gingival hyperplasia have been reported more frequently in paediatric patients than in adult patients.

Effects of Epilim on other drugs: Antipsychotics, MAO inhibitors, antidepressants and benzodiazepines: Epilim may potentiate the effect of other psychotropics such as antipsychotics, MAO inhibitors, antidepressants and benzodiazepines; therefore, clinical monitoring is advised and the dosage of other psychotropics should be adjusted when appropriate.
In particular, a clinical study has suggested that adding olanzapine to valproate or lithium therapy may significantly increase the risk of certain adverse events associated with olanzapine e.g. neutropenia, tremor, dry mouth, increased appetite and weight gain, speech disorder and somnolence.
Lithium: Epilim has no effect on serum lithium levels.
Olanzapine: Valproic acid may decrease the olanzapine plasma concentration.
Phenobarbital: Epilim increases phenobarbital plasma concentrations (due to inhibition of hepatic catabolism) and sedation may occur, particularly in children. Therefore, clinical monitoring is recommended throughout the first 15 days of combined treatment with immediate reduction of phenobarbital doses if sedation occurs and determination of phenobarbital plasma levels when appropriate.
Primidone: Epilim increases primidone plasma levels with exacerbation of its adverse effects (such as sedation); these signs cease with long-term treatment. Clinical monitoring is recommended especially at the beginning of combined therapy with dosage adjustment when appropriate.
Phenytoin: Epilim decreases phenytoin total plasma concentration. Moreover, Epilim increases phenytoin free form with possible overdosage symptoms (valproic acid displaces phenytoin from its plasma protein-binding sites and reduces its hepatic catabolism). Therefore, clinical monitoring is recommended; when phenytoin plasma levels are determined, the free form should be evaluated.
Carbamazepine: Clinical toxicity has been reported when Epilim was administered with carbamazepine as Epilim may potentiate toxic effects of carbamazepine. Clinical monitoring is recommended especially at the beginning of combined therapy with dosage adjustment when appropriate.
Lamotrigine: Epilim reduces the metabolism of lamotrigine and increases the lamotrigine mean half-life by nearly twofold. This interaction may lead to increased lamotrigine toxicity, in particular serious skin rashes. Therefore clinical monitoring is recommended and dosages should be adjusted (lamotrigine dosage decreased) when appropriate.
Felbamate: Valproic acid may decrease the felbamate mean clearance by up to 16%.
Rufinamide: Valproic acid may lead to an increase in plasma levels of rufinamide. This increase is dependent on concentration of valproic acid. Caution should be exercised, in particular in children, as this effect is larger in this population.
Propofol: Valproic acid may lead to an increased blood level of propofol. When co-administered with valproate, a reduction of the dose of propofol should be considered.
Zidovudine: Epilim may raise zidovudine plasma concentration leading to increased zidovudine toxicity.
Nimodipine: In patients concomitantly treated with sodium valproate and nimodipine the exposure to nimodipine can be increased by 50%. The nimodipine dose should therefore be decreased in case of hypotension.
Temozolomide: Co-administration of temozolomide and Epilim may cause a small decrease in the clearance of temozolomide that is not thought to be clinically relevant.
Effects of Other Drugs on Epilim: Anti-epileptics: Anti-epileptics with enzyme-inducing effects (including phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine) decrease valproic acid plasma concentrations. Dosages should be adjusted according to blood levels in case of combined therapy.
Valproic acid metabolite levels may be increased in the case of concomitant use with phenytoin or phenobarbital. Therefore, patients treated with those two drugs should be carefully monitored for signs and symptoms of hyperammonaemia.
On the other hand, combination of felbamate and Epilim decreases valproic acid clearance by 22% to 50% and consequently increase the valproic acid plasma concentrations. Epilim dosage should be monitored.
Anti-malarial agents: Mefloquine and chloroquine increase valproic acid metabolism and may lower the seizure threshold; therefore, epileptic seizures may occur in cases of combined therapy. Accordingly, the dosage of Epilim may need adjustment.
Highly protein bound agents: In case of concomitant use of Epilim and highly protein bound agents (eg, aspirin), free valproic acid plasma levels may be increased.
Vitamin K-dependent factor anticoagulants: The anticoagulant effect of warfarin and other coumarin anticoagulants may be increased following displacement from plasma protein binding sites by valproic acid. The prothrombin time should be closely monitored.
Cimetidine or erythromycin: Valproic acid plasma levels may be increased (as a result of reduced hepatic metabolism) in case of concomitant use with cimetidine or erythromycin.
Carbapenem antibiotics such as panipenem, imipenem and meropenem: Decreases in blood levels of valproic acid have been reported when it is co-administered with carbapenem agents resulting in a 60%-100% decrease in valproic acid levels within two days, sometimes associated with convulsions. Due to the rapid onset and the extent of the decrease, coadministration of carbapenem agents in patients stabilised on valproic acid should be avoided (see Precautions). If treatment with these antibiotics cannot be avoided close monitoring of valproic acid blood levels should be performed.
Rifampicin: Rifampicin may decrease the valproic acid blood levels resulting in a lack of therapeutic effect. Therefore, valproate dosage adjustment may be necessary when it is co-administered with rifampicin.
Protease inhibitors: Protease inhibitors such as lopinavir and ritonavir decrease valproate plasma levels when co-administered.
Cholestyramine: Cholestyramine may lead to decrease in plasma level of valproate when co-administered.
Oestrogen-containing products, including oestrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives: Oestrogens are inducers of the UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) isoforms involved in valproate glucuronidation and may increase the clearance of valproate, which would result in decreased serum concentration of valproate and potentially decreased valproate efficacy. Consider monitoring of valproate serum levels.
On the opposite, valproate has no enzyme-inducing effect; as a consequence, valproate does not reduce efficacy of oestroprogestative agents in women receiving hormonal contraception, including the oral contraceptive pill.
Other Interactions: Newer anti-epileptics (including topiramate and acetazolamide): Caution is advised when using Epilim in combination with newer anti-epileptics whose pharmacodynamics may not be well established.
Concomitant administration of valproate and topiramate or acetazolamide has been associated with encephalopathy and/or hyperammonaemia. In patients taking these two drugs, careful monitoring of signs and symptoms is advised in particularly at risk patients such as those with preexisting encephalopathy.
Quetiapine: Co-administration of Epilim and quetiapine may increase the risk of neutropenia/leucopenia.
Epilim IV: Metamizole: Metamizole may decrease valproate serum levels when co-administered, which may result in potentially decreased valproate clinical efficacy. Prescribers should monitor clinical response (seizure control) and consider monitoring valproate serum levels as appropriate.

Incompatibilities: Epilim Syr and Chrono tab: None.
Epilim IV: Epilim Injection should not be administered via the same line as other IV additives (see Dosage & Administration).
Special precautions for disposal: Epilim IV: For intravenous use, the reconstituted solution should be used immediately, and any unused portion discarded.
If the reconstituted solution is further diluted for use as an infusion solution, the dilute solution may be stored for up to 24 hours if kept at 2 - 8°C before use, discarding any remaining after 24 hours.

Shelf life: 36 months.
Epilim EC and Chrono tab: Epilim is hygroscopic. The tablets should not be removed from the foil/container until immediately before they are taken. Store in a dry place below 30°C.
Epilim EC: Where possible, blister strips should not be cut.
Epilim Syr: Store below 25°C.
Epilim IV: Epilim freeze-dried powder: should be stored below 30°C.
Reconstituted infusion solutions: at 2-8°C if stored before use, discarding any remaining solution after 24 hours.
Shelf life: 36 months as unopened vial of freeze-dried powder.
60 months as unopened ampoule of Water for Injection.
24 hours after reconstitution and dilution for use as infusion solution (see previously mentioned and Special precautions for disposal under Cautions for Usage).

Anticonvulsants

N03AG01 - valproic acid ; Belongs to the class of fatty acid derivatives antiepileptic.

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